This complication involves iatrogenic damage to the structures
deep to the alveolar socket. Many teeth have important structures
located beyond the root apex.
Fracture of mandible caused by excessive force extraction
the lower carnassial tooth (molar 1)
Diagram courtesy of Dr Robert Wiggs, Dallas
Dental Service for Animals, Dallas, Texas, USA
Examples are:
The infraorbital nerve and artery dorsal to upper premolar
4
Inferior dental alveolar nerve and attendant blood vessels
ventral to all lower premolars and molars
Orbit and globe of eye deep to upper molar 1 and 2
Hypoglossal nerve and artery lingual to lower molars 1, 2 and
3.
