Parasite species referred to during the courses
This is list of parasite genera and species that we refer to in the Infection & Immunity course and Graduate Entry Programme along with the context in which they are used. Clicking on the loudspeaker icon lets you hear how the the name is pronounced.
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
Entamoeba |
Example of gut rhizopod that can switch from commensal to parasite depending on circumstances | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Balantidium |
Example of parasitic ciliate and zoonosis | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | 5 –extracellular and haemoprotozoa |
| Giardia |
Example of water-borne flagellate and zoonosis | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Trichomonas |
Example of gut flagellate in birds T.foetus used as example of venereally transmitted flagellate causing abortion & infertility |
11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | 5 –extracellular and haemoprotozoa |
| Histomonas |
Example of a parasite transmitted by another parasite – Heterakis | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Trypanosoma equiperdum |
Example of a venerally transmitted flagellate, a notifiable disease in UK. Refers forward to the session covering the insect-borne trypanosomes | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Eimeria |
Used to illustrate the basic characteristics of the coccidian direct lifecycle. Control options including vaccination. Ovine, bovine & rabbit coccidiosis mentioned but not be species | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | 6- intracellular gut & tissue protozoa |
| Isospora |
Mentioned as the dog/cat/pig equivalent of Eimeria and as a component in potential misdiagnosis of Toxoplasma | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Cryptosporiduim |
Example of an important water borne zoonosis | 11 – protozoa with direct lifecycles | |
| Sarcocystis |
Used to illustrate the basic characteristics of the coccidian indirect lifecycle. Introduction to Sarcocystis nomenclature. S.neurona as an emerging disease of horses in USA & example of "dead-end host" | 12 – protozoa with indirect lifecycles | 6- intracellular gut & tissue protozoa |
| Toxoplasma |
Example of complex coccidian indirect lifecycle referring to the "natural" cat:mouse cycle and developing this into the impact on sheep and humans, effect of parasite on host behaviour, congential infection | 12 – protozoa with indirect lifecycles | 6- intracellular gut & tissue protozoa |
| Neospora |
Example of emerging/developing disease, used as the dog:bovine equivalent Toxoplasma, vertical transmission, example of complex epidemiology involving domestic/wild ruminants and domestic/wild canids | 12 – protozoa with indirect lifecycles | |
| Babesia |
Example of tick-borne protozoa, principally focussing on B.divergens, B.major used as example of geographically-limited distribution linked to distribution of tick vector, potential impact of climate change on distribution |
13 – vector borne
protozoa 5 - Ticks as Vectors |
5 –extracellular and haemoprotozoa |
| Trypanosoma |
Example of non-pathogenic insect-borne protozoa within a UK context, compared to pathogenic Trypanosomes in tropics |
13 – vector borne
protozoa 7 - Flies as Parasites |
5 –extracellular and haemoprotozoa |
| Avian malaria | Example of an endemic insect borne protozoan in UK which affects exotics in zoos - penguins |
13 – vector borne
protozoa 7 - Flies as Parasites |
|
| Leishmania |
Example of non-UK insect borne protozoan that lives inside host macrophages and potential threat to dogs taken into endemic areas eg South of France under the UK "Pet Passport Scheme, potential impact of climate change on distribution |
13 – vector borne
protozoa 7 - Flies as Parasites |
5 –extracellular and haemoprotozoa |
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Fasciola hepatica |
Example of basic digenean lifecycle, adaptations to transmission in wet environments | 15 – the Trematodes | 8- Trematodes & cestodes |
| Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
Example of complex interactions between three hosts, effect of parasite on host behaviour, adaptations to transmission in dry environments | 15 – the Trematodes | 8- Trematodes & cestodes |
| Schistosomes |
Example of blood fluke with separate sexed individuals, avoids host response by "camouflage" | 15 – the Trematodes |
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Taenia saginata and T.solium | Example of tapeworms with humans as natural definite hosts but with implications for zoonoses and meat inspection |
1 - Importance
of Parasites 16 - the Cestodes |
8- Trematodes & cestodes |
| Taenia ovis | Example for control by public health and vaccination | 16 - the
Cestodes 21- Vaccination against Parasites |
8- Trematodes & cestodes |
| Echinococcus multilocularis & E.granulosus | Zoonotic significance and control as part of the Pet Passport Scheme | 16 - the Cestodes | 8- Trematodes & cestodes |
| Anoplocephalans - Dipylidium, Moniezia & Anoplocephala | Significance of dog flea and lice as intermediate hosts. Cosmetic importance. Ulceration of horse intestine in heavy infestations | 16 - the Cestodes | 8- Trematodes & cestodes |
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Trichostrongylus |
Used as a basic nematode lifecycle | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Ostertagia or Teladorsagia |
Highlights impact of larval development in abomasum wall, differences between type I & II, example of seasonally-induced hypobiosis | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | |
| Nematodirus |
Example of nematode developing in the gut lumen, example of nematode with critical hatching conditions | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Haemonchus |
Example of blood-feeding nematode | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Cooperia |
Distinctive coiled nematode of ruminants | 9 – the nematodes | |
| Trichuris |
Distinctive whip-like nematode of ruminants | 9 – the nematodes | |
| Ascaris |
Example of hepato-trachael migratory nematode | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Parascaris |
Important equine h-t migratory nematode | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Oxyuris |
Distinctive pin-worm of equines | 9 – the nematodes | |
| Toxascaris |
Example of non-migratory ascarid of dogs & cats referred forward to the migratory Toxocara sp | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Toxocara
|
Example of complex migratory nematode with hypobiotic larval stages, complex biochemical interactions between host & parasite, congenital infections, vertical transmission, zoonosis, reproductive-related hypobiosis, Comparison with T.catti, refs back to non-migratory Toxascaris | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Trichinella |
Example of hypobiotic larvae, no external stages, zoonosis | 18 – nematodes 2 (the browsers) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Oesophagostomum |
Example of strongyle of ruminants with extensive cuticular ornamentation and nodule formation on gut wall | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Chabertia |
Example of strongyle of ruminants with large buccal capsule as adaptation to tissue feeding | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Cyathostomes or Trichonemes |
Example of equine non-migratory strongyles, comparison with migratory stongyles re pathology & control options | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Strongylus |
Example of equine strongyles with somatic migration patterns. Highlights differences between S.vulgaris, S.equinus & S.edentatus re pathology & control options | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Bunostomum |
Example of hookworm of ruminants | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | 9 – the nematodes |
| Uncinaria
|
Example of canine/feline "northern" hookworm | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | |
| Ancylostoma |
Example of potential emerging hookworm related to climate change/behaviour | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | |
| Dictyocaulus |
Basic lungworm direct lifecycle, vaccination using irradiated larvae | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | |
| Metastrongylus |
Lungworm with indirect lifecycle, used to reinforce concepts of transport, paratenic & intermediate host using earthworm as example | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | |
| Parafilaria |
Example of filarial worm, example of insect-borne parasite that does not involve a blood-feeding vector | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) | |
| Dirofialria |
Example of filarial worm transmitted by blood-feeding vector, distribution limited by that of vector, potential impact of climate change on distribution | 19 – nematodes 3 (tissue feeders, lungworms & vector borne nematodes) |
Acarina - Mites and Ticks
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Psoroptic mites - Psoroptes ovis & Chorioptes | Sheep scab aetiology and control. Topology of infestation in relation to skin histology. Diagnosis | 4 - Ticks & Mites | 2 - Mites |
| Sarcoptic mites - Sarcoptes, Knemidocoptes etc. | Causation of mange, hypersensitivity and pruritus. Topology of infestation in relation to skin histology. Diagnosis. | 4 - Ticks & Mites 20 - Immunity to Parasites |
2 - Mites |
| Demodectic mites - Demodex, Trombicula & Cheyletiella | Causation of demodecosis. Topology of infestation in relation to histology of skin. Diagnosis. Aesthetic and zoonotic problems with Cheyletiella. | 4 - Ticks & Mites | 2 - Mites |
| Dermanyssid mites - Dermanyssus & Ornithonyssus | Nature of infestation as micro-predator. Importance to poultry industry. Control by hygiene and pesticides. | 4 - Ticks & Mites | 2 - Mites |
| Other mites - | Brief mention of wide range of mites including internal infestation of lungs, air sacs, rodent mites, etc. etc. | 4 - Ticks & Mites | 2 - Mites |
| Ixodes ricinus, sheep tick | General example of aetiology of types 1 and 4 dermal hypersensitivity by ectoparasites. Vector of agents of babesiosis, tick borne fever, louping ill and Lyme disease. Reservoir and maintenance hosts in pathogen transmission paths. |
4 - Ticks & Mites 5 - Ticks as Vectors 13 - Vector borne protozoa 20 Immunity to Parasites. |
2 - Mites 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus, tropical dog tick | Risk of infection of dogs taken abroad or imported from abroad, with agents of babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Control by Pet Passport Scheme. Climate change and risk of establishment of life cycle in UK. | 4 - Ticks & Mites 5 - Ticks as Vectors 21 - Vaccination |
2 - Mites 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Linognathus and Haematopinus species of lice | Example of sessile ectoparasites with incomplete metamorphosis causing stress and hide damage. Example of blood feeding anopluran lice. Concept of host specificity as diagnostic aid. | 6 - Lice & Fleas | 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
| Trichodectes and Felicola lice of dogs and cats | Lice problems in small companion animals caused by chewing lice. Role as intermediate host of Dipylidium tapeworm. | 6 - Lice & Fleas 16 - Cestodes |
3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
| Lipeurus, Cuclotogaster, Menopon etc. bird lice | Two families of chewing lice on birds. All bird lice are chewing lice causing irritation and production losses. Concept of management practices as predisposing factor to problem levels of infestation | 6 - Lice & Fleas | 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
| Ctenocephalides felis and C.canis | Importance of understanding life cycle in control using pesticides and environmental hygiene. Aetiology of flea bite hypersensitivity. | 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas 20 - Immunity against parasites |
3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
| Ceratophyllus and Echidnophaga chicken fleas | Brief introduction to fact that poultry also have fleas. | 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas | 3 - Ticks, Lice & Fleas |
|
Parasite |
Context |
Lecture |
Practical |
| Muscid flies | Importance of flies with sponging mouthparts a nuisance leading to production losses in dairy cattle and as mechanical vectors of pathogens such as Moraxella bacteria. | 7 - Flies as Parasites 8 - Flies as Vectors |
4 - Flies |
| Haematobia and Stomoxys | Examples of biting stress caused by flies with hypodermic like blood feeding mouthparts. Example of life cycle of flies with complete metamorphosis. Importance of location of larval habitat in control. | 7 - Flies as Parasites | 4 - Flies |
| Tabanid flies | Examples of biting stress caused by flies with complex slashing and sponging blood feeding mouthparts. Example of life cycle of flies with complete metamorphosis. Importance of location of larval habitat in control | 7 - Flies as Parasites 13 - Vector borne protozoa |
4 - Flies |
| Melophagus ovinus sheep ked | Serious biting stress, specialized larviparous life cycle as example of low reproduction rate / high survival rate. Differential diagnosis between keds, ticks and lice. | 7 - Flies as Parasites | 4 - Flies |
| Culicoides midges | Biting stess, hypersensitivity reactions (sweet itch), Example of how flies act as vectors, using Bluetongue and African horse sickness pathways to explain. Reservoirs of infection. Comparison with ticks as vectors. Spread of African diseases to Europe speeded by climate change | 7 - Flies as Parasites 8 - Flies as Vectors |
4 - Flies |
| Mosquitoes | Vectors of viral, protozoal and nematode pathogens. | 7 - Flies as Parasites 8 - Flies as Vectors 13 - Vector borne protozoa |
4 - Flies |
| Phlebotomus sand flies | Vector of Leishmania protozoa. Protection of dogs from sand fly biting as preventative measure. | 7 - Flies as Parasites 8 - Flies as Vectors 13 - Vector borne protozoa |
4 - Flies |
| Lucilia cuprina blowfly | Example of facultative myiasis - blowfly strike. Significance of larval stages. Control measures using insecticidal and farm hygiene methods. | 7 - Flies as Parasites | 4 - Flies |
| Hypoderma bovis | Example of obligate myiasis - warble fly. Example of low reproduction / high survival system. Example of how livestock parasite can be eradicated from a country (UK) by state sponsored collective use of pesticides and surveillance. | 7 - Flies as Parasites | 4 - Flies |
| Gasterophilus and Oestrus bots | Brief mention and illustration in practical classes of these forms of myiasis which may be seen in UK. | 7 - Flies as Parasites | 4 - Flies |