Table of Contents

Home page

• Introduction
• What is Animal Pain?
• How is Animal Pain Produced?
  • Theories of Pain
  • Peripheral Mechanisms
  • Central Mechanisms
    • CNS
    • Spinal
  • Modification of Pain
• How can Animal Pain be Assessed?
  • Principles of Assessment
  • Objective Assessment
    • Physiology
      • Sympatho-Adrenal Axis (SA)
      • Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA)
    • Biochemistry
    • Behaviour
      • Posture
      • Gait
      • Activity
      • Facial Expression
      • Vocalisation
      • Mental State
      • Evoked Behaviour
      • Behaviour Patterns
      • Analgesic Treatment
  • Subjective Assessment
    • Verbal Descriptors
    • Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)
    • Number Rating Scales (NRS)
  • Systematic Assessment
    • Details, clinical history and examination
    • Physiology (as above)
    • Biochemistry (as above)
    • Behaviour (as above)
  • Practical Assessment
  • Validation
• How is Animal Pain Relieved?
• Test your Knowledge
• Glossary of Terms
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• Purchase cd of website
• Search Tool