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Abstracts to Bibliography
KENT JE, MOLONY V, ROBERTSON IS
1993 CHANGES IN PLASMA-CORTISOL CONCENTRATION IN LAMBS OF 3 AGES AFTER 3
METHODS OF CASTRATION AND TAIL DOCKING.RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 55
(2): 246-251 SEP 1993
Abstract:
Lambs were handled only or castrated and tail docked at five, 21 and 42 days of
age by either surgery, rubber ring or rubber ring and Burdizzo. Plasma cortisol
was measured in blood samples taken before and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84,
96, 138 and 180 minutes after castration and docking. Pre-treatment and peak
cortisol values were highest in five-day-old lambs. The peak cortisol values, at
each age, were similar for surgery and rubber ring groups. However, the peak
occurred earlier after surgery and rubber ring Burdizzo than after rubber ring
only treatment. The cortisol peak was 28 nmol litre-1 lower after rubber ring
Burdizzo than surgery or rubber ring only. Plasma cortisol returned to
pretreatment values within 84 minutes after rubber ring Burdizzo, 96 to 138
minutes after rubber ring only but not within 180 minutes after surgery. The
changes in plasma cortisol together with the changes in behaviour suggest that
the rubber ring Burdizzo method of castration and docking of lambs at all ages,
was probably the least painful of the methods tested.
KENT JE, MOLONY V, ROBERTSON IS
1995 COMPARISON OF THE BURDIZZO AND RUBBER RING METHODS FOR CASTRATING AND
TAIL DOCKING LAMBS. VETERINARY RECORD 136 (8): 192-196
Abstract:
The behavioural and plasma cortisol changes in groups of six lambs, five to six
days old, were used to compare the acute effects of four methods of castration
and tail docking: Burdizzo, standard sized and small rubber rings, and a
combined method in which the application of a standard rubber ring was followed
immediately by the application of the Burdizzo just distal to it. A control
group was also included, Active behaviours such as foot stamping and
restlessness increased markedly only after the treatments with rubber rings.
Less time was spent in abnormal postures, and the increases in plasma cortisol
were least after the combined method. It was concluded that the lambs treated by
all the methods suffered considerable acute pain, for up to three hours in some
cases, but that the combined method produced the least pain as judged by the
behavioural and physiological indices measured, and that the small rubber rings
produced more intense pain for a shorter time than the standard rubber rings.
Kent JE, Molony V, Graham MJ 1998
Comparison of methods for the reduction of acute pain produced by rubber ring
castration or tail docking of week-old lambs. VETERINARY JOURNAL 55
(1): 39-51 JAN 1998
Abstract:
Behavioural and plasma cortisol changes were recorded for groups of eight
SuffolkxGreyface lambs subjected to castration or tail docking using rubber
rings with and without local anaesthetic treatment. Immediately after
application of the rubber ring, local anaesthetic (2x0.2 ml 2% lignocaine) was
administered either by needle and syringe or by high-pressure needleless
injection into each side of the neck of the scrotum or tail at the site of the
ring, or by high pressure needleless injection into the testes before
ring-application. In other groups, the innervation to the scrotum or tail was
disabled by crushing with a powered bloodless castrator just proximal to the
ring. Measurements were recorded in groups of control (handled) lambs, with and
without local anaesthetic treatment. Application of local anaesthetic by high
pressure needleless injection had little effect on either plasma cortisol values
or behaviour of control lambs. For castration, application of the bloodless
castrator and/or local anaesthetic at the ring site reduced the peak plasma
cortisol concentration by 50% (P less than or equal to 0.01), the incidence of
active behavioural responses by 80 and 64% (P less than or equal to 0.01)
respectively, and the time spent in abnormal postures by 68 and 59% (P less than
or equal to 0.01) respectively. Both methods were effective in reducing pain for
tail docking [active behavioural responses reduced by more than 80% (P less than
or equal to 0.01) and abnormal postures by 56% (P less than or equal to 0.01)],
although local anaesthetic was more effective, reducing the peak cortisol by 60%
(P less than or equal to 0.01) [crushing by 44% (P > 0.05)]. Injection of local
anaesthetic into the testes was less effective than injection into the neck of
the scrotum at the site of the ring [reduction in abnormal lying postures (P <
0.05), 45 vs 71%, respectively]. The rapid action, effectiveness, and ease of
application of these experimental methods may provide the basis for commercially
viable methods for reducing the acute pain produced by rubber ring castration
and tail docking of lambs.
Kent JE, Jackson RE, Molony V, Hosie BD
2000 Effects of acute pain reduction methods on the chronic inflammatory
lesions and behaviour of lambs castrated and tail docked with rubber rings at
less than two days of age. VETERINARY JOURNAL 160 (1): 33-41 JUL 2000
Abstract:
Lesions were produced by castration and tail docking of two-day-old Dorset-cross
lambs with elastrator rings with (RRla) and without (RR) local anaesthetic or
after destruction of the innervation by crushing close to the ring (Brr). The
lesions were monitored twice weekly for six weeks and the behaviour of handled
controls (H), RR and RRla lambs was recorded for two 3 h periods 10, 20, 31 and
41 days after treatment.
There was no significant effect of castration and tail docking, with or.
without pain reduction methods, on daily liveweight gain. In die Err lambs, the
dead tails were cast 19 days earlier than from RR and RRla lambs. The time taken
for the scrotal lesion to reach maximum severity was halved in Err and RRla
lambs, although the maximum severity of the lesion was unaffected by the methods
of pain reduction. During the four 6 h behavioural observation periods, RR lambs
showed a significant increase in the mean (+/-sd) frequency of foot stamping
(RR13 +/- 13; H2 +/- 2.5), tail wagging (61 +/- 26; 15.6), head turning to the
scrotum and inside hind-leg (12 +/- 10; 1 +/- 1). Less abnormal behaviour was
found after RRla than after RR treatment. This unexpected finding may be
evidence of long-lasting increases in pain sensitivity after an episode of
intense acute pain in young animals. (C) 3000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ, Todd SE, Lowe
TE, Gregory NG, Bruce RA, Ward RN 2002 A comparison of catecholamine
and cortisol responses of young lambs and calves to painful husbandry
procedures.
AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL 80: 228-233
Abstract:
Aim To compare the changes in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline,
adrenaline and cortisol in lambs after ring castration plus tailing and in
calves after dehorning with or without prior local anaesthesia. Methods
Male lambs were castrated and tailed with rings and calves were dehorned by
amputation using a scoop with or without prior local anaesthesia. Blood samples
were taken before and after treatment and plasma concentrations of noradrenaline,
adrenaline and cortisol were determined. Results Castration plus tailing
of lambs resulted in a rapid increase in noradrenaline concentrations, a lack of
an adrenaline response and a marked increase in cortisol concentration. There
were similar changes in catecholamine concentrations in calves that were
dehorned both with and without local anaesthetic, with adrenaline being elevated
within 5 min of treatment and noradrenaline exhibiting a more protracted
response. Dehorning caused a marked cortisol increase which was reduced to
control concentrations by local anaesthesia for as long as the associated nerve
blockade lasted. Conclusions The very short-lived adrenaline responses in
calves were attributed to dehorning-induced nociceptor input leading to
sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla. The longer lasting noradrenaline
responses in lambs and calves were thought be due to 'wash-out' of noradrenaline
from damaged tissue associated with rings and amputation wounds, respectively.
MOLONY V, KENT JE, ROBERTSON IS
1993 BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES OF LAMBS OF 3 AGES IN THE 1ST 3 HOURS AFTER 3
METHODS OF CASTRATION AND TAIL DOCKING. RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 55
(2): 236-245 SEP 1993
Abstract:
The behavioural responses of groups of seven lambs were compared with control
groups after castration and tail docking by rubber rings, application of a
Burdizzo clamp in addition to a rubber ring and after surgical castration at
rive, 21 and 42 days. All methods at all ages produced changes in behaviour
which were interpreted as indicative of considerable pain. The rubber ring
groups showed most changes in behaviour at all ages. The rubber ring with
Burdizzo groups showed least changes and some lambs in these groups showed much
less response than others. The surgical groups showed some behavioural responses
which were different, both qualitatively and quantitatively to those in other
groups. It is concluded that indices used for recognition and assessment of
acute pain received conditional support, that modification of the rubber ring
with Burdizzo may provide the least painful method without local anaesthesia and
that age had little effect on the responses.
Molony V, Kent JE, Robertson IS
1995 Assessment of acute and chronic pain after different methods of
castration of calves. APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE 46 (1-2): 33-48 DEC
1995
Abstract:
Four groups of Ayrshire calves (n=8 each) were castrated at 1 week of age by
either surgery, crushing by a Burdizzo, rubber ring or a combination of the
Burdizzo and rubber ring methods. Responses of castrated calves were compared
with a control group (n=8) of handled calves. Plasma cortisol was measured in
blood samples taken during the first 3 h after castration. Observations of
behaviour were made for 3 h immediately after castration, and for 3 h each
afternoon for the first 4 days and then on every third day to 48 days after
treatment. An assessment of the castration site (lesion score) was made after
each observation period and the calves were weighed every twelfth day. Acute
changes in behaviour and plasma cortisol were consistent with those reported
previously, namely that increases in active behaviours, abnormal postures and
plasma cortisol occurred in the first 3 h after castration. The behavioural
response to both surgical and Burdizzo castration was characterised by immobile
postures. The combined Burdizzo and rubber ring method produced a significant
reduction in the activity (count per 3 h period) of two behaviours (foot
stamping/kicking (11.9) and easing quarters (13.3)) compared with the use of a
rubber ring alone (27 and 23.7, respectively). During the 48 days after rubber
ring treatments there was an increase in the calves' concern with the site of
castration, indicated by a significantly (P<0.01) increased incidence of licking
which was associated with increased abnormal standing, with slow movements of
the tail, alternate lifting of the hindlegs and head turning as the integrity of
the skin broke down. If these indices are valid, they demonstrate that
considerable acute and chronic pain is associated with rubber ring methods of
castration of calves and that the chronic pain can last for at least 42 days.
Molony V, Kent JE 1997 Assessment
of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 75 (1): 266-272 JAN 1997
Abstract:
In this paper various aspects of animal pain and methods for its assessment are
considered. The responses of lambs and calves to castration and of lambs to tail
docking are used to illustrate quantitative approaches to the recognition and
assessment of acute pain in farm animals. The validation of physiological and
behavioral measurements for assessment of pain is examined by relating
measurements made from young lambs, after a range of treatments, to an
independent ranking of the order of severity of the treatments.
Molony V, Kent JE, Hosie BD,
Graham MJ 1997 Reduction in pain suffered by lambs at castration
VETERINARY JOURNAL 153 (2): 205-213 MAR 1997
Abstract:
The acute pain produced by bloodless castrators was studied by comparing the
behavioural and plasma cortisol changes in groups (n=8) of 3-week-old Dorset
cross lambs after castration with a 22 cm (9 '') Burdizzo, a new power assisted
castrator and by a combined method using a Burdizzo and elastrator ring. The
time spent in abnormal postures (52-58 min) and the peak cortisol response
(110-120 mmol l(-1)) were similar for the three methods, although the powered
castrator produced a more sustained response. The Burdizzo method halved the
incidence of active behaviours compared with the powered castrator and combined
methods (16 versus 30, 32 counts). Intratesticular local anaesthetic
administered 2 min before the Burdizzo castrator and combined method, or
intramuscular injection of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac,
20 min before the application of a Burdizzo, significantly reduced the peak
plasma cortisol response to 80 nmol l(-1). Diclofenac also significantly reduced
the time spent trembling or in abnormal postures.
Molony V, Kent JE, McKendrick IJ.
Validation of a method for assessment of an acute pain in lambs.
APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE 76 (3): 215-238 MAR 26 2002
Abstract:
Acute pain following different methods of rubber ring castration and tail
docking (CTD) was assessed using behavioural and physiological methods. Validity
was determined by showing how accurately lambs were allocated, to their
appropriate treatment groups. Six groups of seven lambs, 5-6 days old, were
subjected to treatments, ranked before the experiment, by the amount of tissue
damaged and its sensitivity to pain (anaesthesia), in decreasing order of
severity. (1) castration and tail docking; (2) bilateral castration; (3)
unilateral castration; (4) short scrotum castration; (5) short scrotum
castration with local anaesthesia; (6) handled. A further group (n = 7) of tail
docked only lambs acted as a tail docking control for castration and tail docked
lambs. Changes in plasma cortisol concentration; 14 postures and 11 active
behaviours were recorded for 180 min. Principal component analysis (PCA) and
discriminant analysis (DA) helped determine the combinations of indices that
most accurately allocated lambs to their appropriate groups. In a PCA, using all
individual indices from the lambs, the first two components accounted for 45% of
variation in the data. The same indices when used for DA allocated 79% of the
lambs to their appropriate group (60 min data). Values for 30, 90, 120 and 180
min were 50, 55, 48 and 48%, respectively. Measurement was simplified by
combining indices: total-incidence of active behaviours, relating to movements
of limbs, tail and head plus vocalisation; VSS-time spent dog sitting, lying
normally with trembling or with partial extension of hind limbs, and statue
standing; V4LL-lying with full extension of the hind limbs; AbS-abnormal
standing, excluding statue standing. These combined indices improved accuracy of
allocation to 60, 79, 71, 64 and 60% for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min. Inclusion
of increases in plasma cortisol did not improve the accuracy for 60 min data. A
simplified index consisting of V4LL and REW (movements of limbs and tail)
correctly allocated 74% (60 min data, 64% for 30 min data). After combining
treatment groups, to represent severe, mild or moderate pain the combined
indices permitted correct allocation of 91% and the simplified indices 83% of
lambs to their appropriate groups (60 min data).
It is concluded, that measuring activities involving the limbs and tail and
the time spent lying with full extension of the hind limbs for 30-60 min,
separated the severity of acute pain from the testes, scrotum and tail into six
levels with >60% accuracy and into three levels with >80% accuracy. Awareness of
these indices and their limitations should improve training for animal pain
assessment. Crown Copyright (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V All
rights reserved.
Peers A, Mellor DJ, Wintour EM, Dodic M
2002 Blood pressure, heart rate, hormonal and other acute responses to
rubber-ring castration and tail docking of lambs. NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL
50 (2): 56-62 APR 2002
Abstract:
AIM: To examine cardiovascular, hormonal and other physiological responses of
2-month-old lambs to rubber-ring castration and tail docking. METHODS:
Twenty-two male lambs, well accustomed to handling and prepared with femoral
artery and jugular vein cannulae, were studied during a 5 h control period and,
at least 2 days later, for 1 h before and 4 h after castration and tail docking
using rubber rings. Pressure recordings were made via femoral cannulae and blood
samples for analysis of plasma constituents were taken from jugular cannulae.
RESULTS: Mean systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate
and the plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol
all increased markedly during the first 1 h after ring castration and tail
docking. Although plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations had returned to
control levels by 2.5-3 h, blood pressures and heart rate were still elevated 4
h after ring application. In contrast, there were no significant changes in mean
plasma concentrations of renin, electrolytes, minerals, glucose, lactate, urea,
creatinine, total carbon dioxide and total proteins, plasma osmolality or the
haematocrit after ring application. There were no significant changes in the
mean values for any parameter during the 5 h control period or the I h period
before ring application. CONCLUSION: Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood
pressure and heart rate may be more sensitive than plasma ACTH or cortisol
concentrations as indices of low-grade pain induced by ring castration and tail
docking. Alternatively, it is possible that by 4 h after ring placement a small
shift in sympathetic tone still persists in the absence of low-grade pain.
ROBERTSON IS, KENT JE, MOLONY V
1994 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CASTRATION ON BEHAVIOR AND PLASMA-CORTISOL
IN CALVES OF 3 AGES. RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 56: 8-17
Abstract:
Calves of six, 21 and 42 days were either handled (controls) or castrated by
Burdizzo, by surgical or by rubber ring techniques and their behaviour and
plasma cortisol monitored for three hours after treatment. The rubber ring
caused significant increases in active behaviour and abnormal postures for two
hours compared with handled or castrated by Burdizzo and surgical techniques,
and surgical techniques resulted in a significant increase in abnormal standing,
particularly in the first 30 minutes. Abnormal behaviour and posture were
recorded less frequently in six-day-old calves. The mean cortisol peaks for
six-, 21- and 42-day-old calves were, respectively, 36, 31 and 23 nmol litre(-1)
in the handled groups; 60, 43 and 48 nmol litre(-1) in the rubber ring groups;
77, 50 and 62 nmol litre(-1) in the Burdizzo groups; and 106, 63 and 107 nmol
litre(-1) in the surgical groups. The greatest cortisol response occurred in
42-day-old surgically treated calves and the shortest response after Burdizzo
castration. These responses suggest that irrespective of age, all methods of
castration studied caused acute pain. Burdizzo castration appeared to produce
the least pain, particularly in younger calves.
Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Todd SE,
Bruce RA, Ward RN 2002 Effects of local anaesthesia or local
anaesthesia plus a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the acute cortisol
response of calves to five different methods of castration. RESEARCH IN
VETERINARY SCIENCE 73 (1): 61-70 AUG 2002
Abstract:
The cortisol response of calves to different methods of castration (ring, band,
surgical, clamp) with or without local anaesthetic, or local anaesthetic plus a
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug were recorded. All methods of castration
caused a significant cortisol response and by inference pain and distress. Band
castration caused a greater cortisol response than ring castration but the
responses were eliminated by local anaesthetic. The cortisol response to
surgical castration, by traction on the spermatic cords or by cutting across
them with an emasculator, was not diminished by local anaesthetic but when
ketoprofen was given with local anaesthetic the cortisol response was
eliminated. Local anaesthetic did reduce the behavioural response to cutting the
scrotum and handling the testes. Clamp castration caused the smallest cortisol
response which was reduced or eliminated by local anaesthetic or local
anesthetic plus ketoprofen respectively, but this method of castration was not
always successful. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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